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高中英语16种时态全解(1)

   日期:2024-08-04     来源:www.nousuan.com    浏览:335    
文章简介:高中英语16种时态全解 英语一共有多少种时态 时态是英语中一个要紧的语法范畴,它表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状况与动作发生或存在的方法。动作发生的时间可分为目前、过去、以后和过去以后四种形式,动作发生的方法可分为一般、完成、进行和完成进行...

高中英语16种时态全解

英语一共有多少种时态

时态是英语中一个要紧的语法范畴,它表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状况与动作发生或存在的方法。动作发生的时间可分为目前、过去、以后和过去以后四种形式,动作发生的方法可分为一般、完成、进行和完成进行四种形式。将时间形式和动作方法结合起来,就构成了以下16种时态形式:

 

一 般

完 成

进 行

完 成 进 行

现 在

目前一般时

do

目前完成时

have done

目前进行时

is doing

目前完成进行时

have been doing

过 去

过去一般时

did

过去完成时

had done

过去进行时

was doing

过去完成进行时

had been doing

将 来

以后一般时

will do

以后完成时

will have done

以后进行时

will be doing

以后完成进行时

will have been doing

过去以后

过去以后一般时

would do

过去以后完成时

would have done

过去以后进行时

would be doing

过去以后完成进行时

would have been doing

 

时态解析:一般目前时

1. 一般目前时的应用

 表示常常发生的动作或存在的状况。常用频度副词sometimes, often, always, usually, seldom准时间副词every day / night / week / month / year, in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, at night做状语。如:

He often stays up late. 他常熬夜。

We go home every month. 大家每月都要回家。

I watch TV at night. 我晚上看电视。

 表示客观真理或永恒的状况。如:

The earth travels round the sun. 地球绕太阳旋转。

Trees turn green in spring. 春季树木变绿。

Liquid turns into gas when it is hot enough. 足够热时,液体变为气体。

Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。

 现阶段的状况。常跟时间副词now连用。如:

He lives in Beijing now. 他目前住在北京。

She is at home. 她在家。

They work in that factory. 他们在那家工厂工作。

 习惯性的喜好或行为。如:

I like dancing while she likes singing. 我喜欢跳舞,而她喜欢唱歌。

We get up at six. 大家六点起床。

He studies very hard. 他学习非常刻苦。

 表示已经计划、安排好了或时间表上所安排,并且必须要做的事情。用于这种句型的动词主如果瞬间动词:come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, sTOP, close, open等。如:

The train arrives at five past eight and leaves at ten past eight. 火车八点过五分到,八点过十离别开。

Our class begins at 7:45. 大家的课七点四十五开始。

The shop opens at eight o’clock. 商店八点开门。

时间、条件、方法及让步状语从句中的谓语动词是以后的动作或状况时,用一般目前时表示。如:

If you come, we will wait for you. 假如你来,大家就等你。

When he gets here, the work will be finished. 当他到这儿时,工作将做完了。

 

Though he disagrees with us, he will do as we decided. 尽管他不赞成大家当看法,他还是会按大家的决定去做。

在某些习惯表达法中,常用一般目前时表示已经发生过的动作或存在的状况。如:

They say Wu Dong is ill. 据了解吴东病了。

The paper says the disease is under control. 报纸上说这种病已经得到了控制。

The diagram tells us that people’s living is improving. 这份图表告诉大家,大家的生活正在改变。

2. 一般目前时对谓语动词的需要

当主语为第一人称、第二人称或第三人称复数时,动词 用原形。当主语为第三人称单数时,动词须用第三人称单数形式。即:

 动词be为is;have为has。

  动词后面一般加—s。如:play—plays, work—works, say—says, love—loves.

 在以辅音字母加—y结尾的动词后,改y为i再加—es。如:study—studies, satisfy — satisfies, fly—flies.

 在以s, x, sh, ch, o结尾的动词后面加—es。如:fix—fixes, finish—finishes, watch — watches, do — does, go — goes.

一般过去时

 

 

1. 一般过去时的应用

 表示过去某时所发生的动作或存在的状况。如:

Liu Ying was in America last year. 刘英去年在美国。

Jim rang you just now. 吉姆刚刚给你打了电话。

 表示过去常常或反复发生的动作。常接时间副词often, usually, always, sometimes, every day / week, etc. 如:

We often went out for a walk after supper. 大家过去常在晚饭后散步。

We usually played together. 大家一般一块玩。

3. 一般过去时对谓语动词的需要

一般过去时的谓语动词要用动词的过去式。动词过去式的构成分规则变化和不规则变化两种形式,不规则变化一般需要逐个记忆,规则变化则遵循以下原则:

 一般在动词后加-ed。如:play—played, offer—offered, weigh—weighed, destroy— destroyed, sign—signed.

 在以字母e结尾的动词后,只加-d。如:like—liked, provide—provided, hate — hated, date—dated。

 在以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词后,则改y为i,再加—ed。如:supply—supplied, fly—flied, study— studied.

 在以单短元音的重读闭音节结尾且,末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后,双写最后一个辅音字母,再加-ed。如:plan—planned, refer—referred, regret—regretted, ban—banned.

 

4. 特不要说明

有的动词的过去时,如:expect, hope, intend, plan, want 等一般过去时,后接不定式的完成时;或它们的过去完成时接不定式的一般式,都可表示过去未曾达成的意图、计划或期望。如:

I hoped to have been invited to his wedding party. —I had hoped to be invited to his wedding ceremony. 我本期望他来邀请我参加他的结婚典礼。

I intended to have joined their games. —I had intended to join their games. 我本计划参加他们的比赛。

一般以后时

 

 

1. 一般以后时的结构及应用

 shall / will + 动词原形。表示马上发生的动作或存在的状况。尤其是表示客观性的事情或在某条件下要发生的事情,只可以用此结构。如:

What shall we do if he doesn’t come? 假如他不来,大家该如何解决?

Will you be free this evening? 今天晚上有空吗?

I think he will tell us the truth. 我想他会告诉大家真实状况的。

 be going to + 动词原形。表示已经计划或安排好了的事情,也可表示有迹象显示一定要发生的事情。如:

We are going to have a meeting to discuss the matter this evening. 今天晚上开会讨论这件事情。

Look at the black clouds over there. I think it is going to rain soon. 看一看那边的乌云,我想天要下雨了。

There is going to be an English evening this week. 本周要举行一个英语晚会。

 be to + 动词原形。表示一种常规性的活动或注定要做的事情。如:

Who is to clean the classroom today? 今天该哪个打扫教室了?

When are you to return your library book? 你什么时间要还图书?

The bridge is to be completed by the end of this year. 这渡桥该在今年年底前完工。

 be about to + 动词原形。表示就要做或正好要做的事情。总是暗含一种时间上的巧合,因此,句子不可以再用时间状语。如:

Don’t leave. Li Lei is about to come. 不要走了,李蕾就要来了。

Be quiet. The concert is about to start. 安静下来,音乐演唱会就要开始了。

 be +目前分词。表示马上发生的动作或存在的状况。这个句型中动词主如果瞬间动词:come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, sTOP, close, open, die, join, borrow, buy等。如:

Go ahead, and I’m coming. 走前面一点吧,我就来。

The dog is dying. 那条狗要去世了。

Hurry up. The shop is closing. 快点,商店就要关门了。

一般目前时。表示一种严格根据计划进行的动作。比如,上课、飞机起飞、火车离站等。如:

Don’t hurry. The meeting starts at a quarter past eight. 不要匆忙,会议八点过一刻开始。

The bus goes back at four thirty. 汽车四点返回。

目前进行时

 

 

1. 目前进行时的结构

目前进行时由“am / is / are + 目前分词”构成。如:

I’m studying at Yu Cai Senior Middle school. 我在育才中学念书。

He is writing on the desk. 他再课桌上写字。

They are talking about their visiting the Great Wall. 他们在谈论游长城的事情。

【说明】动词目前分词的构成办法:

 一般在动词后加-ing。如:say—saying, play—playing, think—thinking, study—studying, teach —teaching, blow—blowing, build—building.

 动词若以-e结尾, 则去e再加-ing。如:love—loving, make—making, guide—guiding, date—dating.

 在以单短元音的重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后,双写最后一个辅音字母,再加-ing。如:begin—beginning, regret—regretting, plan—planning, ban — banning.

 在以ie结尾的动词后,改ie为y,再加-ing。如:lie—lying, die—dying, tie—tying.

 在以-c[k] 结尾的动词后加-king。如:picnic—picnicking, panic—panicking.

 

2. 目前进行时的应用

 表示现在正在发生或进行的动作。如:

They are planting trees on the mountain. 他们在山上植树。

Mother is preparing supper in the kitchen. 妈妈在厨房做晚饭。

 有的非持续性动词的进行时可以表示动作马上进行或发生,或表示动作的重复。如:

He is joining the army. 他要参军了。

They are buying the house. 他们要买那座房屋。

 当目前进行时中有always, forever, constantly, continually修饰时,表示说话人的赞赏或厌烦的感情。如:

Why is the baby always crying? 为何那个总是在哭。

They are always helping us. 他们一直帮助大家。

注意:表示状况、感觉、心理活动的静态动词,一般不用语进行时态。

4. 目前进行时与一般目前时有什么区别

 目前进行时强调现在正在进行的动作,而一般目前时强调常常性或习惯性的动作。如:

I’m reading a story now. 我在看一个故事。

I read stories in my spare time. 我有空时看故事。

 目前进行时强调现阶段一直在进行的动作,而一般目前时只表动作的重复,而不表示动作的持续。如:

What are you doing these days? 这几天你在做什么?

They are learning English in the summer holiday. 他们暑假在学习英语。

They read English every day. 他们天天读英语。

They play volleyball every Sunday. 他们每周星期天都打排球。

 表示短促动作的动词的进行时,表示动作的重复。如:

The girls are jumping over there. 女生们在那边跳。

His heart is beating fast. 他的心脏跳得非常快。

 某些表示期望或想法的动词的进行时可以表示委婉客气。如:

I’m wondering whether you can help us now. 我不了解你目前能否给大家帮一忙。

I’m hoping that you will succeed. 我正在期望你成功呢。

过去进行时

 

 

1. 过去进行时的结构

过去进行时由“was / were + 目前分词”构成。如:

I was doing my lessons then. 那时,我在做功课。

We were cleaning the house. 大家在打扫房屋。

 

2. 用过去进行时应注意的什么时间

 过去进行时可表示按计划、安排过去某时刻将要发生的动作。如:

He said they were leaving for Beijing this afternoon. 他说他今天下午要去北京。

 动词hope, wonder等的过去进行时常用来表示提出需要,虽然表示目前的内容,但语气比一般目前时或一般过去时要委婉。如:

I was wondering whether you could come to join us. 我想你能否过来跟大家一块活动?

 过去进行时中有always, forever, continually, constantly修饰时,表示说话人的赞赏或厌烦的感情。如:

He was always thinking of others. 他一直想到人家。

 

3. 过去进行时与一般过去时有什么区别

 过去进行时强调动作在过去某时刻正在进行或持续,而一般过去时表示动作的完成。如:

He was writing his composition last night. 他昨晚在写作文。

He wrote his composition last night. 他昨晚写了一篇作文。

 表示过去的状况、感觉及心理活动的静态动词可用于一般过去时,但一般不需要于进行时。如:

I hated it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food. 我讨厌大家说话时口里含着食物。

 一般过去时与always, constantly, forever, continually等连用,表示“过去常常性、习惯性的动作”;而过去进行时与always, constantly, forever, continually等连用,表示动作的重复,常带有感情的色彩。如:

He always got up at six. 他过去一直六点起床。

He was always thinking of his work. 他一直一心想到工作。

 有时过去进行时可以用来替换一般过去时,但一般过去时表示主语的行为是经过认真考虑的;而过去进行时表示一种较随意或没进行仔细考虑的行为。如:

I thought that he would agree with us. 我原以为它会赞同大家的。

I was thinking of persuading him to follow my advice. 我想到了要说服他同意大家的建议。

以后进行时使用方法说明

 

1. 以后进行时的基本使用方法

以后进行时表示以后某一时间正在进行的动作:

Don’t phone me between 5 and 6. We’ll be having dinner then. 五点至六点之间不要给我打电话,那时大家在吃饭。

When I get home, my wife will probably be watching television. 当我到家时,我太太可能正在看电视。

2. 表示按计划或安排要发生的动作

I will be seeing you next week. 我下个星期来看你。

I’ll be taking my holidays soon. 不久我将度假了。

We shall be going to London next week. 下周大家要去伦敦。

3. 以后进行时表示委婉语气

有时用以后进行时可使语气更委婉:

Will you be having some tea? 喝点茶吧。

Will you be needing anything else? 你还需要什么吗?

4. 以后进行时与一般以后时有什么区别

 两者基本使用方法不同:以后进行时表示以后某时正在进行的动作,一般以后时表示以后某时将要发生的动作: 

What will you be doing this time tomorrow? 明天这时你会在干什么呢?

What will you do tomorrow? 你明天做什么?

 两者均可表示以后,但用以后进行时语气更委婉,比较:

When will you finish these letters? 你什么什候处置完这类信件?

When will you be seeing Mr White? 你什么时间见怀特先生?

When will you pay back the money? 你什么时间还钱?

When will you be paying back the money? 这钱你什么时间还呢?

 有时一般以后中的will含有“想”的意思,而用以后进行时则只不过单纯地谈将来状况:

Mary won’t pay this bill. 玛丽不愿付这笔钱。

Mary won’t be paying this bill. 不会由玛丽来付钱。

瞬间动词进行时的使用方法与意义

 

■表示反复或重复

英语的目前进行时用于少数瞬间动词可以表示不断重复的动作,这种动词主要有jump, knock, kick, hit, nod, tap, wink, cough, shoot, drop等。如:

Someone is knocking. 有人敲门。

John is nodding his head. 约翰频频点头。

He is jumping up and down. 他上下地跳着。

Why is she blinking her eyes? 她为何老眨双眼?

假如主语为复数,某些动词的目前进行时总是有“不断”或“一个接一个”的意思,如:

People are dying in that part of the world. 在那个地方大家不断地死去。

Men are dropping with malaria, dysentery and simple starvation. 士兵们因为疟疾、痢疾或仅仅由于饥饿一个接一个地倒了下去。

■表示马上发生

注意有的瞬间动词的目前进行时并不表动作的重复,而是表动作马上发生。如:

Mike is coming home on Thursday. 迈克星期四回来。

They’re having a party next week. 下星期他们将开一个晚会。

My sister is getting married next December. 我妹妹12月结婚。

You’re young people. You ate only beginning to live. 你们是青年,刚最初生活。

■表示马上结束

有的瞬间动词的目前进行时则表动作马上结束,如:

I am finishing. 我快做完了。

It is ceasing to rain. 雨快停了。

The fruit is ripening. 这果子快熟了。

It was my painful duty to tell him he was dying. 要我把他马上过世的事告诉他,这使我十分为难。

静态动词用于进行时态的例子

 

在一般情况下,静态动词不需要于进行时态,但有少数静态动词在特殊状况下可用于进行时态,有时比用一般时态看上去更客气。如以下例子均摘自词典和名家的语法著作:

I am hoping you will come. 我期望你能来。。

Now I’m remembering it. 目前我想起来了。

How are you liking Beijing? 你感觉北京怎么样?

I’m always hearing strange stories about him. 我老听人讲关于他的奇奇怪怪的事。

I’m forgetting that I promised to visit him tonight. 我差点忘了我答应今晚去看他的。

Tina is re百度竞价推广bling her sister more and more. 丁娜愈加像她姐姐了。

I’m hoping that you will come and have a chat with me. 我倒期望你来聊聊天。

I’m wondering if you have any questions. 我倒想了解你们有哪些问题。

Thank you so much for the binoculars. I’ve been wanting a pair for ages. 我很感谢你送给我望远镜。我一直想要一副。

 

 

目前完成时

 

1. 目前完成时的概念

目前完成时既可表示过去发生的动作对目前所导致的结果或影响,也可表示动作从过去某时间开始,一直持续到目前,并且还大概持续下去。如:

I have just finished my work. 我把工作做完。

Have you ever been to Beijing? 你过去去过北京吗?

I have lived for ten years. 我在这儿住了十年了。

We have studied here since 2003. 大家自2003年来就在这儿念书了。

 

2. 目前完成时的结构

目前完成时由“have / has + 过去分词”构成。

 

3. 目前完成时的应用

 非持续性动词go, come, leave, borrow, buy, die, join的完成时的一定式不可以与时间段连用,若要接用时间段状语,则应换成相应的持续动词或状况动词。如:

He has been away for an hour. 他走了一个小时了。

Can I borrow that book? 我可以借那本书吗?

How long can I keep the book? 这本书我可借多长时间?

注意:非持续性动词的否定完成时可与时间段状语连用。如:

He has not borrowed the book since then. 从此将来,他再也没借这本书了。

 have / has been to 表示过去去过某地,但目前不在那儿;have / has gone to表示目前已去某地,目前不在这儿。如:

He has been to Canada, but now he is working in our company. 他去过加拿大,目前在大家公司工作。

Mr. Li is not at home. He has gone to Shanghai. 李先生不在家,他去上海了。

 完成时的一定式常用already,而否定式和疑问句常用yet,但若already用于疑问句时,表示一种出乎意料之外的惊讶。如:

Have you read it already? 你就看完了?

 

4. 目前完成时与其他时态有什么区别

 目前完成时与一般过去时有什么区别:目前完成时强调动作的结果或对目前的影响,是目前时的范畴;一般过去时强调动作所发生的时间,是过去时的范畴。因此,过去时需跟过去时间连用或有表过去时间的上下文连用,而目前完成时不可以与过去时间连用。如:

I read the book two weeks ago. 我两周前读了这本书。

I have read the book for two weeks. 这本书我读过两周了。

 目前完成时与目前进行时:目前完成时强调动作持续到目前或刚结束;而目前进行时只强调现在的状况。如:

They have talked for about two hours. 他们谈了大约两个小时。

They are talking. 他们在谈话。

ago习惯上不与目前完成时连用

 

■在一般情况下 ago 只与过去时连用,而不与目前完成时连用。由于ago指的是多长时间以前的过去时间,而目前完成时表示的动作虽然发生在过去,但它强调的是与目前的联系或对目前的影响,因此两者不可以用在一块。如:

我两个月前见过他。

误:I have seen him two months ago.

正:I saw him two months ago.

■但,有时为了行文的需要或使句子生动,ago可用于类似以下如此的句子:

I had thought that he had died at least 20 years ago. 我原以为他至少在20年前就已经过世了。

■以下句子 ago 虽然连用了动词的“完成式”,但并非“完成时”。如:

If she’d had the chance, she’d rather have lived 100 years ago. 如大概,她宁可生活在100年以前。

If I had been Jane, I’d have walked out on him years ago. 假如我是珍妮,我几年前就离开他了。

when习惯上不与目前完成时连用

 

■when 表示“何时”“什么时间”时,可用于过去时态或以后时态,但一般不需要于目前完成时。如:

你什么时间和他初次见面的?

误:When have you first met him?

正:When did you first meet him?

■但,since when 可以与目前完成时连用。如:

Since when have you lived here? 你从什么时间起住在这里的?

Since when have you become active? 你什么时间开始变得积极了?

Since when do you read newspapers? 你什么时间开始读报的?

That was in 1949, since when things have been better. 那时是1949年,从那将来状况就好些了。

 

过去完成时使用方法详说

 

1. 过去完成时的基本使用方法

过去完成时与目前完成时相似,也有“已完成”和“没有完成”两种使用方法,所不一样的是,过去完成时将时间推移到过去某一时间之前,即所谓的“过去的过去”。具体地说,它既可表示在过去某一时间之前已完成的动作,也可表示从一个较早的过去持续一个较迟的过去的动作:

He had left when I arrived. 当我到达时他已经离开。

By six o’clock he had worked twelve hours. 到6点钟时他就已工作了12小时。

2. 怎么样正确运用过去完成时

正确运用过去完成时非常重要的是要正确理解“过去的过去”。“过去的过去”是一个相对时间,即它相对于一个过去时间而言,并在其过去。这种相对的“过去的过去”有时通过肯定的时间副词体现出来,有时则可能是通过肯定的上下文来体现:

I found the watch which I had lost. 我找到了我丢失的表。

The house was quiet. Everybody had gone to bed. 屋子里非常安静,大伙都睡觉了。

"Was Jack at the office?" "No, he’d gone home." “杰克在办公室吗?”“不在,回家了。”

【注】有的一般与目前完成时连用的词汇,因为在肯定的语境中,谓语动作移到了“过去的过去”,也应用过去完成时。比较:

We haven’t seen each other since we left Paris. 自从离开巴黎后大家一直没见过面。

I saw Mr Smith last Sunday. We hadn’t seen each other since we left Paris. 上周星期天我见到史密斯先生了,自从离开巴黎后大家还一直没见过面。

3. 表示过去未曾达成的想法

过去完成时可表示过去未曾达成的想法和计划,一般连用的动词是 want, think, hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose 等:

I had meant to come, but something happened. 我本想来,但有事就没来。

I had intended to speak, but time did not permit. 我本想发言,但时间不允许。

We had hoped that you would come to see us, but you didn’t. 大家本想你来看大家的,但你没来。

以后完成时使用方法解释说明

 

1. 以后完成时的基本使用方法

表示到以后某个时间为止必然会完成或预计要完成的动作,由“will [shall]+have+过去分词”构成:

He will have arrived by now. 他目前应当已经到了。

He will have gone back to England.他想来回英国去了。

When we get there,she’ll have gone to work. 大家到那里时她会已上班去了。

On Monday he’ll have been in Britain for three years. 到星期一,他在英国就满三年了。

2. 目前完成时、过去完成时与以后完成有什么区别

目前完成时以目前时间为参照点,表示在“目前”以前完成的动作或持续到“目前”的状况,过去完成时则以过去时间为参照点,表示在“过去”某一时间以前发生的动作或持续到“过去”某一时间的状况,以后完成时则以以后时间为参照点,表示在“以后”某一时间为止已经完成的动作或持续到“以后”某一时间的状况:

He has finished writing his novel. 他已写完了他的小说。

He had finished writing his novel by the end of last year. 去年年底他就写完他的小说。

He will have finished writing his novel by the end of next year. 到明年年底他就会写完他的小说了。

与一般目前年代替一般以后时一样,在表示时间或者条件的状语从句,一般要用目前完成时来表示以后完成时,而不可以直接用以后完成时:

I will go with you when I have finished my work. 等我完成工作之后我就同你去。

若不强调动作的完成,有时也可用一般目前时:

I will go with you when I finish my work. 我完成工作后就同你去。

 

时态解析:目前完成进行时

 

1. 目前完成进行时的概念

目前完成进行时表示某动作从过去某个时间开始,一直延续到目前,并且还大概持续下去。如:

We have been waiting for him for two hours. 大家等他等了两个小时。

 

2. 目前完成进行时的结构

目前完成进行时由“have /has been + 目前分词”构成。

 

3. 目前完成进行时的应用

目前完成进行时所用的时间状语:this month / week / year, these days, recently / lately, in the past few + 时间段, since +时间点, for + 时间段。如:

They have been building the bridge for two month. 两个月来他们一直在修桥。

They have been planting trees this month. 这个月来他们一直在植树。

4. 目前完成进行时与目前完成时有什么区别

 目前完成时强调动作的完成,而目前完成进行时强调动作的延续,因此,表示动作的完成,只可以用目前完成时,而不可以用目前完成进行时。如:

He has changed his idea. 他改变了想法。

 在表示动作的延续时,虽然既可用目前完成时,也可用目前完成进行时,但目前完成进行时强调动作的进行。因此在需要明确表示动作还要持续下去时,应用目前完成进行时。如:

We have been studying here for two years. 大家在这儿已经学习了两年了。

 有的延续性动词,用于目前完成时或目前完成进行时有什么区别不大。如:

I have lived here for many years.=I have been living here for many years. 我在这儿住了多年了。

 

目前完成进行时与目前完成时有什么区别

 

 目前完成时可以表示一个已经完成的动作,而目前完成进行时则表示一个正在进行的动作:

I have read the book. 我读过这本书。

I have been reading the book. 我一直在读这本书。

【注】有少数动词在表示持续一时间时用这两种时态含义差不多:

How long have you worked [been working] here? 你在这儿工作多长时间了?

I’ve lived [been living] here since 1988. 自1988年以来我就一直住在这儿。

 目前完成时一般只陈述事实,而目前完成进行时还可表示一种感情色彩:

I have waited for two hours. 我等了两小时。

I have been waiting for two hours. 我等了两个小时。

 目前完成进行时一般用来谈论较短暂的动作或状况,若要谈论时间延续较长的动作或状况或永久性状况,则一般用目前完成时:

He has lived in Paris. 他住在巴黎。

He has been living in Paris. 他住在巴黎。

 不需要于进行时态的动词一般也不需要于目前完成进行时,但它们可以用于目前完成时:

I’ve only known her for two day. 我认识她刚刚两天。

They’ve been married for twenty years. 他们结婚已二十年了。

The war has lasted for a long time. 这场战争持续了很久。

 目前完成进行时不需要于被动语态,若要用可用目前完成时的被动语态代替:

The house has been painted for a month. 这房屋已漆了一个月。

The problem has been studied for five days. 这个问题已研究了五天。

过去完成进行时使用方法解析

 

1、结构形式

过去完成进行时由“had been+目前分词”构成,因此无人称变化。

2、使用方法总结

■过去完成进行时表示持续到过去某时的一个动作:

The ground was wet. It had been raining. 地是湿的。此前一直在下雨。

At last the bus came. I had been waiting for half an hour. 最后公共汽车来了,我已等了半小时。

She was out of breath. She had been running. 她气喘吁吁,她一直在跑来着。

He gave up smoking last year. He’d been smoking for twenty years. 去年他戒烟了。他吸烟已经二十年。

■过去时间可用一个时间状语表示:

When I first met her, she had been working in the company for ten years. 我首次见到她时,她在那家公司已工作十年了。

I had not been waiting long when a taxi drew up. 我没等多长时间就来了一辆出租车。

She had been looking at the parcel for some time before she realized that it was for her mother. 这包裹她看了好一会儿才了解这是寄给她妈的。

Until/Up till then she had been living with her daughter. 到那时为止她一直和她女儿一块住。

■但在更多状况下过去时间由另一句子表示出来,毋需加上时间状语:

Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying. 她双眼红红的,显然她是哭了。

Jane was annoyed. Peter had been phoning her every night. 简非常不开心。彼得一直每晚给打电话。

He was very tired. He had been working all day. 他非常累。他干了一整天活。

She couldn’t understand him. She hadn’t been learning English long. 她不懂他的话。她学语的时间还不长。

I woke up—I had been having a bad dream. 我醒了,我做了个恶梦。

She was very tired. She had been typing letters all day. 她非常累了。她整天都在打信件。 

Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying. 她的双眼红了,显然她刚哭过。

We had been doing business with each other for years before we quarrelled. 在吵翻之前,大家多年来在业务上一直来往。

When I first met Ann, she had been working for Exxon for 15 years. 我首次遇见安的时候,她已在埃克森公司干了15年了。

Jenny was annoyed. Jim had been phoning her every night for a whole week. 詹妮生气了。整整一星期,吉姆每天晚上都给她打电话。

■有时上下文可说明是谈过去的事,因此无需时间状语:

She had been watching TV all day. 她看了一天的电视。

I had been reading your book. 我一直在看你写的书。

The rain had been pouring all night. 倾盆大雨下了一整夜。

We had been travelling in many countries. 大家一直在很多国家旅游。

■这个时态也可用在某些从句中,这个时候从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前而对其有影响:

I heard you’d been looking for me. 我听说你一直在找我。

That was just the letter I had been expecting. 这正是我一直期待的信。

That was exactly what we had been trying to do. 这正是大家一直想做的事。

I wanted to know what had been going on. 我想了解一直在发生啥事。

The drive increased the fatigue she had been feeling. 开车增加了她一直感到疲惫感觉。

They said that they had been fighting for their rights all these years. 他们说这类年来他们一直在为他们的权利而斗争。

3、特别补充

■凡不可以用于进行时的动词均不可以有这种时态,但动词want 除外。如:

The boy was delighted with his new knife. He had been wanting one for a long time. 男生对新小刀非常高兴。他早就想要一把了。

■过去完成进行时没被动语态。

 

以后完成进行时使用方法解析

 

1、结构形式

过去完成进行时由“will / shall have been+目前分词”构成。

2、使用方法总结

使用方法1、表示动作从某一时间开始一直延续到以后某一时间,至于是不是继续下去,要视上下文而定。如:

She will have been having treatment all her life. 她将终生遭到治疗。

By the end of next month he will have been here for ten years. 到下月底,他在这儿就够十年了。

By this time next year, we will have been doing business with each other for 20 years. 到明年这个时候,大家的业务住来就满20年了。

By the end of this year he’ll have been acting for thirty years. 到今年年底他做演员就满30年了。

使用方法2、表示一种常常性反复进行的持续性动作。如:

By the end of this month he will have been training horses for twenty years. 到了这个月底他驯马就满20年了。

By the end of this month he will have been climbing mountains for twenty years. 到了这个月底他登山就满20年了

 

过去以后时的使用方法说明

 

1. 基本结构与使用方法

过去以后时由“would+动词原形”构成,主要表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的事情:

He told us he would help us. 他告诉大家他会帮助大家。

I knew you would agree. 我当时就了解你会赞同的。

【注】在肯定的语境中也可于其他从句或句子中:

It was a problem whether they would support us. 他们会不会支持大家还是一个问题。

It was six o’clock. The sun would soon set. 这个时候是六点钟。太阳马上落山。

2. 过去以后时间的表示办法

除“would+动词原形”外,过去以后时还有以下容易见到表达方法:

 用was going to表示。表示过去某时筹备做某事:

Marsha was going to come with us. 玛莎筹备和大家一道去。

I was going to leave when he came in. 他进去时我正要离开。

【注】was going to在肯定的上下文中有时可表示过去未曾达成的想法或计划:

She was going to attend the concert last night, but she was too busy. 她昨晚本想去听音乐会的,但她太忙了。

 用was about+不定式表示。表示在过去看来正要做某事:

I was just about to go to bed when he came to see me. 我正要睡觉,他来看我了。

 用于was due to表示。表示定于过去某时将要做某事:

They were due to leave at ten o’clock. 他们定于十点出发。

 用“was +不定式”表示。表示定于过去某时将要做某事:

He was to meet her at 10 on the street. 他约定和她10点钟在街上见面。

【注】若表示过去没达成的计划,则用was to+动词完成式:

We were to have left at 6 last night. 大家本来计划昨晚6点离开的。

过去以后完成进行时使用方法解析

 

1、结构形式

过去完成进行时由“would have been+目前分词”构成。

 

2、使用方法总结

过去以后完成进行时表动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去以后某一时间。动作是不是继续下去,由上下文决定。如:

He said that by the end of the spring term he would have been studying English for three years. 他说到了春天学期末,他就学了三年英语了。

I want you thinking of food and wine, because these last years would have been miserable for you. 我要你只想吃喝,由于近期几年你的生活够苦的。

在间接引语中,以后完成进行时一般要改为过去以后完成进行时。如:

I know by this time next week you’ll have been working here for 30 years.

→I knew by that time he would have been working there for 30 years.

She will have been teaching in this university for 20 years by this summer.

→She told me she’d have been teaching in that university for 20 years by that summer

判断动词时态方法

1、依据时间状语与时态的对应关系

动词特定的时态常常与特定的时间状语联系在一块,如由this time yesterday可知用过去进行时;由so far, in the past three years, till now可知要用完成时,等等。

At this time tomorrow ______ over the Atlantic.

A. we’re going to fly B. we’ll be flying C. we’ll fly D. we’re to fly

分析:由时间状语at this time tomorrow可知用以后进行时,故选B。

2、固定句型与动词时态间的对应关系

在英语中,不少句型与一些动词在时态的运用方面都存在着特定的对应关系,如 在“祈使句+and/or+__________”句型中,__________中用will表示的一般以后时; 在This/That/It is the second time that…句型中用目前完成时,若is改为was,就用过去完成时; 在no sooner…than…和hardly…when…句型中,前面常用过去完成时,when/than后的句子用一般过去时; was/were about to do…when…或was/were doing…when…或was/were on the point of doing…when…句型中,when分句的谓语动词用一般过时; 在一个含有空闲状语从句的主从复合句中,假如主从句的谓语动词都是过去发生的动作,通常来讲,表示短暂性动作的动词用一般过去时,表示持续性动作的动词用过去进行时;等等。

Let’s keep to the point or we _______ any decisions.

A. will never reach B. have never reached C. never reach D. never reached

分析:这是“祈使句+or +陈述句”句型,陈述句的谓语要用“will+动词原形”,故选A。

3、依据某些动词与时态的对应关系

在英语里有的__________有着特定的对应关系,如see,hear,find 等都不可用于进行时态;work表示机器不可以正常运行、运转时,常用一般目前时的否定式;open, close, lock等词表示门、窗等不可以正常关、开、锁的意思时,常用won’t open /close /lock等,这个时候它们是以__________。

—Can I help you, sir?

—Yes. I bought this radio here yesterday, but it _____.

A. didn’t workB. won’t work C. can’t work D. doesn’t work

分析:此处的work是指radio不可以正常运行,应用一般目前时的否定式,故选D。

4、依据上下语境来确定时态

在绝大部分状况下,动词的时态是由上下文来决定的,这就需要大家一方面要熟记各种时态的适用范围,其次需要大家注意上下文的提示。

— Is this raincoat yours?

— No, mine ______ there behind the door.

A. is hanging B. has hung C. hangs D. hung

分析:依据上下文的提示,hang表示的是现在的状况,故选A。

over the years一般连用什么时态

 

over the years 的意思是“这类年来”“经过这么多年之后”“近期几年”,一般表示的是从目前算起的过去几年,因此一般与目前完成时连用。如:

My tastes have changed enormously over the years. 几年来我的喜好有了非常大改变。

She’s brought us so much happiness over the years. 这类年来,她给大家带来了不少的幸福。

Life was difficult then but things have got better and better over the years. 那时生活非常艰苦,但状况已一年比一年好了。

有时连用其他时态。如:

I recall his many politenesses over the years. 我还记得他多年来不少有礼貌的事情。

句中的over the years不是状语,而是修饰politenesses的定语。

英语中表示“本想”的6种时态

 

1. 用come / go 等动词的过去进行时表示。如:

We were coming to see you, but it rained . 大家本计划来看你的,只不过下起雨来了。

I was trying to help but I screwed up again. 我本想帮忙,反而又把事情搞糟了。

2. 用was [were] going to do sth 表示。如:

She was going to attend the concert last night, but she was too busy. 她昨晚本想去听音乐会的,但她太忙了。

3. 用think, hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose 等动词的过去完成时表示。如:

I had meant to come, but something happened. 我本想来,但有事就没来。

I had intended to speak, but time did not permit. 我本想发言,但时间不允许。

We had hoped that you would come to see us, but you didn't. 大家本想你来看大家的,但你没来。

We had thought to return early but they wouldn't let us go. 大家本想早回来的,但他们不让大家走。

若不至于引导误解,有时也可用以上动词的一般过去时表示“本想”。如:

I thought I could go, but I can’t. 我原以为我能去,但我(目前)去不了。

I meant to reason with you, but you won't reason. 我本想和你讲道理,但你不愿讲道理。。

He hoped to come with us, but he was too busy. 他本想同大家一块儿的,但他太忙了。

4. 用hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose 的过去式后接完成式不定式表示

I expected to have come early, but I missed the early bus. 我本来想早点来的,但未赶上早班车。

I meant to have told you about it earlier, but I could not come. 我本想早点把这事对你说,但我来不及了。

比较同义表达:

We had intended to go to London.=We intended to have gone to London. 大家本来计划到伦敦去的。

5. 用would have done 表示。如:

I would have written before, but I have been ill. 我本想给你写信的,但我生病了。

I would have preferred a bed, but beggars can’t be choosers so I slept on the sofa. 我本想要张床, 但叫花子不可以挑肥拣瘦, 所以我就睡在沙发上了。

6. 用should [would] like [love] have done 表示。如:

I should like to have seen it . 我本想事前看到的。

I would like to have gone to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. 昨晚我本想去参加晚会的,但我要加班写一个报告。

in the past一般连用什么时态

 

in the past的意思是“在过去”,所连用的时态有以下几个方面值得注意:

1. 若是用作时间状语,可连用一般过去时或目前完成时,两者有什么区别是:用一般过去时,客观地叙述过去的状况;用目前完成时,强调持续到目前的状况或对目前影响。如:

In the past he had to read by candlelight. 过去他只得在烛光下攻读。

I’ve been there many times in the past. 我以前去过那儿不少次。

2. 若是用于名词后作定语,句子时态可依据状况使用。如:

He could remember events far back in the past. 他能记得非常早以前的事情。

He will never forget his miserable childhood in the past. 他永远也忘不了自己过去的悲惨的童年。

the other day一般连用什么时态

 

the other day的意思是“几天前”,等于a few days ago,所以一般与一般过去时态连用。如:

He caught a bad cold the other day. 几天前他患了重感冒。

He left for Shanghai the other day. 他几天前去上海了。

I got an email from Jim the other day. 早几天我收到吉姆一封邮件。

注意它修饰非谓语动词的状况。如:

The man speaking to us the other day has gone to Japan. 那天同大家讲话的那个人到日本去了。

类似的还有the other night(几天前的一个晚上)。如:

I happened to see Alice the other night . 几天前一个晚上我碰巧看见了艾丽斯。

one day与some day所连用的时态有什么不同

 

one day与some day均可用作状语,表示“有一天”,但两者所连用句子时态稍有不同: 

1. one day可指过去或以后,即可用于过去时态或以后时态。如:

One day the temperature was 30℃. 有一天温度达到30摄氏度。

I will [am going to] climb that mountain one day. 总有一天我要爬那座山。

One day people will be able to go to the moon on holiday. 总有一天大家可以到月球上去度假。

2. some day一般只指以后,即只用于以后时态。如:

We’re all going to be old some day. 总有一天大家都会老的。

Some day I’ll come back and marry her. 总有一天我要回来娶她。

注:有时虽不是以后时态,但句子意思表示的是以后意义。如:

You’re sure to regret one day. 你准有一天会后悔。

I want to get married one day. But before that, I want to travel. 总有一天我要结婚。但在那之前,我要旅游。

另外,在特定语境中some day有时可指过去以后。如:

I never realized that some day I would be living in China. 我从未想到以后有一天会在中国居住。

forget的时态问题

 

1、用一般目前时

forget用于一般目前时表示暂时忘了或一时记不起。如:

I forget who told me this. 我忘了这是哪个告诉我的。

Oh, I forget where she lives. 啊,我忘了她在什么地方住了。

2、用目前完成时

用于目前完成时,表示遗忘的彻底性,即忘得精光。如:

I've forgotten where I put it. 我忘了把它放在什么地方了。

I've forgotten her telephone number. 我忘了她的电话号码了。

3、用一般过去时

用于一般过去时,指“过去”忘记。如:

I forgot to ask Tom. 我忘了去问汤姆。

To my shame, I forgot his birthday. 我把他的过生日忘了,真不好意思。

since可与目前完成时以外的时态连用吗

 

1. 当since表示“自从”时,不管它是用作介词、连词还是副词,它都一般要与目前完成时连用。如:

I’ve worn glasses since my childhood. 我从小就戴眼镜。

The works have been closed since January. 1月份以来这类厂就关闭了。

He’s put on a lot of weight since he gave up smoking. 他戒烟后体重增加了很多。

Nothing has happened since. 从那将来未发生啥事。

She moved to London last May and has since got a job on a newspaper. 她去年5月到伦敦 此后一直在报社工作。

有时连用目前完成进行时。如:

He has been working since noon. 他从中午就开始工作了。

2. 在以下状况下可以连用除完成时态外的其他时态:

①当主句表示“多久”时,动词可用一般目前时(当然也可用目前完成时)。如:

It’s a long time since I met you last. 好久不见了。

It’s just a week since we arrived here. 大家到这里才一个星期。

It’s a long time since I met you last. 从上次见到你,已有很久了。

以上各句的it is也可换成 it has been,不过在口语或非正式文体中,用一般目前时的情形比较常见。

②当主句谓语动词为seem, appear等连系动词时。如:

It seems like years since we last met. 大家好像几年未见面了。 

It seems like years since I last saw you. 从上次见到你以来仿佛已经有很多年了。

③当主句和从句表示状况“变化”时。如:

She doesn’t come round to see us so much since her marriage. 自从结了婚,她不如何过来看大家了。(原来常常来,结结婚以后就不如何来了)

Since he went on that course he thinks he knows everything. 自从他选了那门课程,他就觉得自己什么都懂了。(原来不觉得自己什么都懂,但选了那门课程后就觉得自己什么都懂了)

so far需要要连用目前完成时吗

 

so far是不是与目前完成时连用,与它所表示的意思有关。

1. 表示“迄今”“到现在为止”时,若so far所描述的谓语是一直持续到目前的动作或状况,则谓语动词一般要用目前完成时。如:

So far there has been no bad news. 到目前为止还没什么坏消息。

So far the work has been easy but things may change. 到现在为止,这工作比较容易,但状况可能有变化。

但,若连用so far的谓语词作并不表示一个持续的状况,而只不过表示目前的一时的状况时,谓语动词一般不需要目前完成时,而用一般目前时或目前进行时。如:

We’re ninetieth in the competition so far. 到现在为止,大家在比赛中排名第90。

另外,有时so far并不是描述谓语动作,而是间接地说明句中的某个名词,此时的句子谓语需要具体语境来用时态。如:

Production so far this year is on target. 今年到现在为止生产已达到指标。

She gave us a brief resume of the project so far. 她给了大家一份该项目迄今经历的介绍。

2. 表示“仅到一定量”“仅在有限的范围内”“这样之远”等时,不必须要连用目前完成时,而应依据句意的需要用适合的时态。如:

I trust you only so far and no further. 我对你的信赖只到这一程度。 

We may as well finish the job, now that we’ve got so far with it. 大家已干到这个程度了,可以把这工作干完。

My mother lives so far away that we hardly ever see her. 我妈妈住得那样远,大家极少见到她。

This is the first time后的从句一般用什么时态

 

请看题:

—Do you know our town at all?

—No,this is the first time I __________ here.

A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming

【剖析】此题应选B。这与句中的this is the first time有关:一般说来,在It [This] is the first time+that-结构中,that-从句一般用目前完成时:

It’s the first time the boy has spoken to a foreigner. 这个男生还是首次同外国人说话。

It’s the first time that she’s seen an elephant. 这是她首次见到大象。

有时以上结构中的 first 也可换成 second,third,fourth 等;其中的time也可换成其他名词:

It’s the first month that he has lived here. 这是他第一个月住在这里。

This is the second cigarette that he has smoked today. 这是他今天抽的第二支烟。

若It was the first time that-结构中,that-从句一般用过去完成时,有时也用一般过去时,有时若有包含目前在内的时间状语,偶尔还可用目前完成时:

I was lucky because that was the second time I visited Japan that year. 我非常幸运,那是我那年第二次访问日本。

It was the first time this year that he hadn’t [hasn’t] worked on a Saturday. 这是今年来他首次在星期六不上班。

 

 
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